CH. 28 - REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
I. MALE (Fig. 28.1, p. 1030)
A. SCROTUM - 2 chambered skin sac
1. Contains testes
2. Dartos muscle - scrotum size (Fig. 28.6, p. 1035)
3. Cremaster muscle - pulls testes up towards body
4. Temp. regulation
a. Warm - relax
b. Cold - contract
5. Raphe - external septum, penisèanus
B. TESTES (Fig. 28.3, p. 1031)
1. TUNICA ALBUGINEA - Thick C.T. capsule
2. SEPTA - divide into LOBULES
a. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES - Sperm (72 hr lifespan in woman)
b. INTERSTITIAL/Leydig CELLS -Testosterone
3. RETE TESTIS - ducts, join sem. tubules
4. EFFERENT DUCTULES - PCCE
5. EPIDIDYMIS - “over the twins”
a. 6 M coiled tube
b. Sperm mature & storage
6. DESCEND (Fig. 28.4, p. 1032)
a. GUBERNACULUM - cord
b. INGUINAL CANAL - opening of pathway to scrotum
c. PROCESS/TUNICA VAGINALIS - closed sac, covers testis
7. SPERMATOGENESIS (Fig. 28.5, p. 1034)
a. Spermatogonia è Mitosis è more spermatogonia
è10 Spermatocytes
b. Spermatocytes èMeiosis è4 Spermatids è 4 Sperm
c. Nurse (Sertoli) cells - protect & nourish sperm
C. DUCTS (Fig. 28.6, p. 1035)
1. EPIDIDYMIS
2. VAS (DUCTUS) DEFERENS
a. Ascends over bladder
b. Sperm è urethra
c. Spermatic cord = vessels, V.D., nerves, cremaster muscle & fascia
3. 1 SEMINAL VESICLE w/ EJACULATORY DUCT
a. 60% of semen
b. Fructose, fibrinogen & prostaglandins
4. URETHRA
a. PROSTATIC - 2 PROSTATE
i. 30% of semen
ii. Alkaline fluid & clotting factors
b. MEMBRANOUS - 3 BULBOURETHRAL
i. 5% of semen
ii. Alkaline mucus, lubricant
c. SPONGY/PENILE - through penis
5 SEMEN = SPERM (5% of semen) + 1 + 2 + 3
a. EMISSION - semen into prostatic urethra
b. EJACULATION - forceful expulsion of semen
D. PENIS - male organ of copulation (Fig. 28.7, p. 1039)
1. 2 Corpora Cavernosa - Crus @ base
2. 1 Corpus Spongiosum - Bulb @ base; Crus + bulb = Root
a. Urethra through
b. Glans penis - head, tip
3. Prepuce/foreskin - covers glans - Circumcision removes
4. ERECTION
a. Caused by é sensory input, tactile or psychic
b. Parasympathetic stim. Mostly, some symp.
c. Arteries dilate, veins compress, corpora fill w/ blood
d. Fascia makes penis hard, not just large
e. IMPOTENCE = inability to get/maintain erection
5. EMISSION
a. Accumulation of sperm & semen in prostatic urethra
b. Sympathetic stimulation
6. EJACULATION
a. Release of semen through penile urethra
b. Symp & somatic (vol. muscle)
II. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Fig. 28.10, p. 1046)
A. OVARIES
1. 2,000,000 10 Oocytes @ birth, 300-400,000 @ puberty
2. Only about 400 released during lifetime
3. Held in place by 3 ligaments:
a. Broad - Mesovarium sheath
b. Ovarian - Ovary to uterus
c. Suspensory - Ovary to body wall
B. UTERINE TUBES/OVIDUCTS/FALLOPIAN TUBES (Fig. 28.11, p. 1046)
1. MESOVARIUM / MESOSALPINX - attaches tube to broad ligament
2. INFUNDIBULUM (funnel) - close to ovary
a. FIMBRIAE - “sweep” egg into tube after ovulation
b. OSTIUM = opening into tube
3. AMPULLA - site of fertilization (Fig. 28.21, p. 1061)
4. ISTHMUS - links to uterus (SPERM ALIVE FOR UP TO 6 DAYS!
MOST DIE OFF IN 24 hrs.)
C. UTERUS - WOMB, fert. egg enters 48 hours post-fertilization
1. ENDOMETRIUM - inner, lost w/flow
2. MYOMETRIUM - middle, smooth muscle, thickest
3. PERIMETRIUM - outer, parietal peritoneum
4. CERVIX - opening to vagina inferiorly
a. Internal OS
b. External OS - Fornix - diaphragm
5. Implantation/pregnancy
6. Ectopic - implantation in place other than Uterus
a. Tubal
b. Ovarian
c. Abdominal - 10 known
D. VAGINA - female organ of copulation, birth canal
1. HYMEN – membrane over introitus/opening
2. RUGAE - inner folds
E. EXTERNAL GENITALIA - VULVA/PUDENDUM (Fig. 28.15, p. 1052)
1. VESTIBULE
a. Urethral opening
b. Vaginal opening
c. Vestibular glands - mucus for lubrication
2. LABIA MINORA - Lacks hair, lacks fatty tissue
3. LABIA MAJORA - Hair, fatty tissue
4. CLITORIS - covered by prepuce
F. MAMMARY GLANDS/Breasts (Fig. 28.17, p. 1053)
1. Modified sweat glands
2. ALVEOLIèLOBULESèLOBES (10-30) èLACTIFEROUS SINUS
èLACTIFEROUS DUCTSèNIPPLE
3. MAMMARY/SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS - break down with age
III. HORMONES & MENSTRUAL CYCLE
A. OOGENESIS - egg/ovum production (Fig. 28.13, p. 1048)
1. In Prophase I @ before birthèovulation
2. In Metaphase II from ovulationèfertilization
3. At fertilization - meiosis completed
B. HORMONES (Fig. 28.8, p. 1042)
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH to . . .
- é @ puberty
2. Adenohypophysis secretes Gonadotropins:
a. LH - Luteinizing Hormone
b. FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
c. In Males: LHèIntertstitial cellsèTESTOSTERONE
FSH + TestosteroneèSpermatogenesis
d. In Females: LH + FSHèOvaries matureèESTROGEN &
(Fig. 28.19, p. 1058) PROGESTERONE
C. MENSTRUAL CYCLE - 3 phases, 28 days (Fig. 28.18, p. 1056)
1. FOLLICULAR/PROLIFERATIVE - Days 6-14
a. FSH stim. Follicle maturation
b. Follicle secretes estrogen
c. Endometrium thickens
d. LH surge è triggers ovulation
2. LUTEAL/SECRETORY - Days 15-28
a. LH converts follicle è Corpus luteum
b. C.L. secretes estrogen & progesterone
c. Hi progesterone è ê GnRH è ê FSH & LH secretion
èno new follicle growth
3. FLOW/MENSES - Days 1-5
a. CORPUS LUTEUM atrophies è CORPUS ALBICANS
(Fig. 28.14, p. 1054)
b. ê progesterone
c. Menstruation - endometrium & blood sloughs
d. Hypothalamus releases é GnRH èAdenohypophysisè
é FSH to initiate cycle
D. IF FERTILIZATION:
1. Developing embryo è HCG (preg. test)
2. Corpus luteum preserved è é estrogen & é progesterone
3. No more cycles
4. Progesterone = hormone of pregnancy maintenance
E. MENOPAUSE - end of menstrual cycles/ovulation